- Normal: 600 - 2000 ml of urine is voided per 24 hour.
• Urine volume excreted is related to :
1. Individual fluid intake.
2. Body temperature.
3. Climate.
4. Individual’s health status.
• Abnormal volume :
1. Polyuria :
- Volume more than 2L /day.
• Causes :
1. Diabetic mellitus.
2. Diabetic insipidus.
3. tumors of brain and spinal cord.
4. Acromegaly.
5. Myxedema.
6. Some type of tubular necrosis.
• Result physiologically
- Intravenous glucose or saline.
- Coffee, alcohol, tea, caffeine.
- Pharmacological agent, such as thiazides and other diuretics.
2. Oliguria :
- Volume less than 500 ml/day.
• Causes :
1. Dehydration or poor blood supply to kidney (prolonged vomiting, diarrhea).
2. Obstruction of some area of the urinary tract/system.
3. Cardiac insufficiency.
4. Various renal diseases such as glomerulonephritis.
5. Fasting.
6. Excessive salt intake.
3. Anuria :
- Complete absence of urine excretion or less than 100 ml of urine per 24 hr.
• Causes :
1. Complete urinary tract obstruction.
2.Acute renal failure.
3. Acute glomerulonephritis.
4. Hemolytic transfusion reaction.
4. Nictouria :
- Volume more than 2L at night.
Normally, freshly voided urine pH range from 5-7 in healthy individuals, and average is pH 6.
• cause of alkaline urine (pH more than 6):
1. UTI.
2 Renal failure.
3. Vomiting.
4. Anorexia nervosa.
5. Alkalosis.
6. Alkalizing drugs.
7. certain vegetables, citrus fruits, and milk products.
• cause of acid urine (pH less than 6):
1. Diarrhea.
2. Malabsorption syndromes.
3. Diabetic ketoacidosis.
4. Dehydration.
5. Fever.
6. Starvation.
7. certain drugs like Phenacetic.
8. high protein diet.
- defined as the ratio of the weight of a fixed volume of solution to that of the same volume of water at a specified temperature.
- Normal:1.003 – 1.030