1. Reducing substances :either C.H.O ( Ex: monosaccharides and disaccharides except sucrose) or non C.H.O ( Ex: ascorbic acid, uric acid, creatinine and penicillin).
2. mino acid in large amount.
3. Bilirubin (bile pigment).
4. Ketone body's : Acetone, aceto acetic acid and B hydroxy butyric acid.
5. Protein: must not appear in urine .
6. Water in greater amount in urine: * more details in {Inspection section}
• The Factors affecting the composition of urine:
1. Diet and nutritional status.
2. Condition of body metabolism.
3. Ability of kidney function.
4. Level of contamination with pathogenic microorganisms ( bacteria) or even non-pathogenic microflora.